STACK:
ANNEX
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411
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
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EDUCATIONAL TOYS
Consisting Chiefly of Coping-Saw Problems for
Children in the School and the Home
by
LOUIS C. PETERSEN, B. Sc.
Director of Manual Arts, State Normal University,
Carbondale, Illinois
PUBLISHED BY
THE MANUAL ARTS PRESS
PEORIA, ILLINOIS
COPYRIGHT
LOUIS C. PETERSEN
1920
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. .
Page
5
TOOLS AND SUPPLIES 7
Bow DRILL
TRANSFERRING DESIGNS 9
WOODS
9
LAYING OUT WORK 10
SAWING 10
FASTENING BASES. . . 11
FASTENINGS . .
. 11
COLORING TOYS 12
WORKING DRAWINGS AND DIREC-
TIONS 15
The Buzzer 16
The Shark Puzzle 16
Duck 18
Goose 18
Wild Duck 20
Hen 20
Deer 22
Cow 22
Weasel 26
Tiger 26
Rocking Rhino 28
Minstrels 30
Squirrel 32
Pig 32
Kangaroo '. . . 32
Camel 36
Giraffe 38
Swan Rocker 40
Balancing Peacock 42
Toy Dog 44
Teddy Bear 46
Parrot.. . 48
Page
Doll's Hobby Horse 50
Stern Wheeler 50
The Weather-cock 50
Arm-chair and Rocking-chair. ... 54
Doll's Cradle 54
Doll's Bed 56
Doll's Table 56
Kites 58
Wood Choppers 60
The Bucking Goats 60
Pecking Hens 60
Acrobat 64
Climbing Sailor 64
The Jumping Jack 68
Balancing Barrister 68
The Dancing Rastus 70
The Spanking Esquimaux 72
Wabbler 74
Falling Teeter-Totter 76
Tumbling Tommie 78
The Busy Pup 80
The Dinkey Bird 82
Pelican Sewing Stand 84
Whirligig 86
The Cart 86
The Wagon 88
Flying Goose 90
The Dodo Bird 92
Rocking-horse and Rider 94
Animated Elephant 97
The Bucking Mule 100
Fox-and-Goose Game 104
Nine Men's Mill 106
Disc Puzzle 108
Ball Puzzle ..108
APPENDIX
Knots and Braids .
Ill
2065995
INTRODUCTION
purpose in sending out this collection of toys is to promote among
children a love for educational occupation. This book is intended to be
of real service to parents and teachers who are intrusted with the arduous
responsibility of child -training. It is with this object in view that the
directions, drawings and photographs have been prepared.
The experience of almost twenty years as a teacher has convinced the
author that only when the child approaches subject-matter with interest
and enthusiasm can the best results be obtained. Giving a child an oppor-
tunity to make things, arouses his interest; therefore, learning by doing is a
most effective method in gaining educational ends.
Toy-making incorporates this method, with several vital elements added.
It takes into account the child's view-point, his proclivities and his emo-
tions. It is a form of activity that appeals strongly to his fancy, has a
direct relation to his environments, and is within the range of his mental
grasp and constructive ability. His wonderful imagination endows the
creatures of his handiwork with life, individuality and cunning. The toy
problem is in harmony with the child's resourcefulness, his powers and his
interests.
The problems contained in this book have been selected from those
worked out in the Normal Model School. They have been tested under
ordinary class-room conditions. To survive the weeding-out process, a
toy has had to meet the following requirements:
1. It must be within the child's power.
2. It must excite and sustain interest.
3. It must possess educational value.
4. It must be adaptable to light-wood construction.
5. It must conform in size and complexity to the
limited space and equipment of class-room
conditions.
In his early years, the child begins tinkering with what materials and
tools he can find, making something. The wise parent and teacher will
turn that healthful, happy, creative instinct into good, useful channels.
He will encourage and guide the child, in these early attempts, by sur-
rounding him with congenial conditions, by furnishing him suggestions,
pictures, drawings and such other aids as will direct him to occupational
6 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
problems of educational value, and by providing him with a place to work,
the tools, wood, nails, wire and other necessary equipment.
One advantage in connection with the kind of educational hand work
presented in this book is that it can be carried on with a very small and
inexpensive equipment. Moreover, it is light, clean and agreeable in every
respect. The tools are safe for a child to handle. The material is sub-
stantial and durable. The articles made are firm, strong and of lasting
quality. They become an excellent means for providing an abundance of
entertainment, and constitute most acceptable gifts, promoting as much
genuine happiness for the industrious donor as for the fortunate receiver.
Toy-making may readily be adapted to class-room conditions and a
period be devoted to it each day. Members of the class may be appointed
to distribute the tools and material at the beginning of the period, and col-
lect them at the end. While at work, each pupil should stay at his desk
and keep it neat and orderly. When not in use, the equipment should be
locked up in a box having suitable compartments for the tools and mate-
rials.
The teacher who is to conduct the class should be thoroly familiar
with the work and should have made each model before taking it up as a
class problem. The work as a whole should be conducted in a systematic
and quiet manner; concise planning, prompt action, and accuracy in details
should be insisted upon. The cheerful spirit, the formation of correct
habits, and the proper regard for everything and everybody should be cul-
tivated along with skill in constructing and good taste in coloring the toys.
If for any valid reason this work can not be carried on in the school, the
teacher should encourage the pupils to do it as home work. The child can
buy his own scroll saw and colors, and furnish his own wood. The work
can be done outside of school, but still be under the supervision and guidance
of the teacher. The training that comes thru reading and interpreting
directions and drawings, and carrying out the instruction in every detail, is
of value to every child, no matter what his future career may be.
The child should, therefore, have a book of his own, giving directions and
drawings. Furthermore, the teacher should give the proper amount of
credit for the home work.
L. C. PETERSEN.
TOOLS AND SUPPLIES
r I ^HE equipment listed below is suggestive for ordinary class-room condi-
-*- tions. The number of pupils should not exceed twenty-four.
Tools for each pupil:
12" rule.
Coping-saw.
Saw - bracket, Fig. 1. A working
drawing of the saw-bracket is shown
in Fig. 2.
A water-color brush.
Fig. 2
General class equipment and supplies :
A box for locking up equipment and
work.
2 breast drills.
Iron block to serve as anvil.
6 quires of No. 1/2 sand-paper.
Le Page's glue in two one-pint cans.
1 gross coping-saw blades.
1 Ib. each of 1/2", 3/4" and 1" brads.
2 Ibs. each of 3/4" No. 19, 1" No. 18,
1-1/4" No. 17, 1-1/2" No. 16, and
1-3/4" No. 15 flat-headed nails.
Fig. 1
Tools for every four pupils:
Scissors.
Compass.
Water-color pan.
4^" round-nose pliers, Fig. 4.
5" side-cutting pliers.
5 oz. claw hammer.
8" half-round mill file.
Bow -drill, cee Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
1 Ib. each of 1/2", 5/8" and 3/4" brass
escutcheon pins.
30 ft. of No. 12 copper-coated steel
wire.
A few nails of various sizes for making
drills.
Turpentine.
Alcohol.
Borax.
Brushes of various sizes.
Paint — red, yellow, green, blue, black
and white of the paints to be used.
Several good enamel paints, ready
for use, are on the market. "Calci-
mo" is cheaper, but not so conven-
ient, as it must be prepared.
Fig. 4
BOW DRILL
The bow drill is useful for drilling small holes in wood, and may easily be
made by a child. First, procure an ordinary thread spool. Push a round
stick six inches long thru the hole with a tight fit. Shape the top of the
stick to a point (Fig. 3). Drive a nail into the other end of the stick. Cut
the head off the nail, hammer it flat at the end, and sharpen it with a file.
In this way a drill of any size needed for the work can be made. The bow
is made from a slender, flexible stick, about twenty inches long. A notch
EDUCATIONAL TOYS 9
is cut at each end where the ends of a strong string are securely tied. Slip
the bow string once around the spool and spin it. The top end of the
spindle is guided in a shallow hole in a piece of wood as shown at H in Fig. 3.
This block of wood is held in the left hand while the right moves the bow
back and forth, spinning the spindle and drilling the hole.
TRANSFERRING DESIGNS
THE shapes of people, animals and birds on the plates that follow are
drawn full size. They are intended to be made of wood, and may be
transferred by any one of the following methods :
(a) Place a piece of transparent paper, known as tracing paper, over the
drawing in the book, and with a soft, sharp lead pencil, trace all the lines on
the drawing. Cut out the traced shape with a pair of scissors. Place it on
the wood, and with pencil trace along the edge of the paper pattern.
(6) Make a tracing and paste it on the wood.
(c) Place a piece of carbon paper on the wood, carbon side down. On this,
place the tracing in position and fasten it down with two thumb tacks.
With a hard pencil, or a stylus, go over all the lines of tracing. Pressure
should be applied as the lines are being traced so that they may show plainly
on the wood.
(d) Rub the back of the tracing with graphite (the lead of the pencil).
Place it on the wood, and with a hard pencil, or a stylus, trace the lines.
(e) When a permanent pattern is desired for class use, place the tracing on
a piece of cardboard, and transfer the outline by method c or d, indicated
above. With a sharp, pointed knife or shears cut the cardboard accurately
to line. Place this template on the wood, and with a sharp pencil, held ver-
tically, draw lines around the edge of the template. This method serves
well for class work.
WOODS
OAVE the thin-wood boxes found at home. Ask the store-keeper to save
^ boxes instead of burning them. A rich supply of wood for toy-making
may be secured in this way. For class work, it will be necessary to buy wood
prepared and surfaced to dimensions. The thicknesses most convenient for
school work are 3/16", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 7/8".
While three-ply wood is best for the thin stock, the single-ply answers the
purpose when due care is given to the direction of the wood fibers — the
grain. Such woods as maple, elm, birch, cherry and bay wood are very
durable, but rather hard to work. Bass wood, poplar and sugar pine are
easy to work, are preferable in school, and give satisfactory results.
10 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
LAYING OUT WORK
TT is important to have the patterns placed correctly on the wood so that
"*• the desired result may be reached. One of the things sought is the great-
est possible strength in the parts sawed out. The grain of the wood should,
therefore, run lengthwise of the wood where the parts are narrow. Another
thing desired is the economical use of material. The patterns should, there-
fore, be so arranged on the wood that the outlines will match closely to-
gether and thus use up as nearly as possible all surface space on the board.
Generally, it is advisable to place the larger patterns first, beginning near a
corner of the board, and then fit in the smaller patterns on the intermediate
spaces.
Where the drawings are not full size, the dimensions are shown in inches
or fractions of an inch. Guided by the figures, the outlines of the object may
be laid out directly on the wood by ruler, pencil and compasses. In laying
out the different shapes on the wood, attention should be given to the direc-
tion of the grain of the wood, to have it run lengthwise the object, not cross-
wise.
SAWING
A FTER the different shapes have been properly laid out on the wood,
•^"^ the next thing to do is to saw them out with a coping-saw. The wood
is placed flat on a saw-bracket, pattern side up. This saw-bracket is fast-
ened to the edge of a desk or a table top and should be adjusted in height so
the top of it is about 6" below the child's chin. The child may stand or sit,
when at work, whichever is most comfortable, but a standing position gives
more freedom of movement.
The wood is held and guided on the saw-bracket with the left hand, while
the right hand operates the coping-saw with an up-and-down motion in the
V-shaped opening in the bracket.
The coping-saw is the principal tool needed for this work, and may be
purchased with extra blades for about 25 cents. The frame is made of
spring steel and holds the blade in tension. By pressing the frame against
the edge of a table, it may readily be sprung enough to allow the blade to be
put into the slots in the ends of the frame. There is a pair of end slots and a
pair of side slots in the frame. The blade may be inserted into these slots
with either the teeth edge or the smooth edge of the blade towards the frame.
The points of the teeth should always point towards the handle of the frame.
The frame is held with the handle down. The saw does the cutting as it is
pulled downward. In working the saw, the blade must be kept perpendicu-
lar to the face of the wood. The blade should never be forced against the
wood, as that will cause the wood to tear, and leave a ragged edge. Saw
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
11
right to the line. Keep the saw going up and down to insure freedom and
plenty of room for the blade, especially in turning corners. When removing
it from the work, do not attempt to twist the blade or let the frame hang on
it, as the blades are brittle and break easily.
When an opening is to be sawed out, bore a hole in the middle of the part
to be cut out, remove the blade from the upper part of the frame, while hold-
ing it in place in the lower part with the thumb of the right hand. Slip the
blade thru the hole from below, and replace it in the slot while pressing the
upper part of the frame against the edge of the desk. When the opening
has been cut, the saw may be removed by reversing the operation. In all
cases, saw the edge of the wood to a finish as far as possible. Rough or
fuzzy edges should be removed by filing and sand-papering.
FASTENING TO BASES
"\X7HERE toys have bases, they should be made of two or more thick-
* * nesses, one overlapping the other. The lower piece should be thicker
than the upper, extending a distance equal to the thickness of the upper
part. When both the toy and the base parts are ready to fasten together,
hold the toy in a vise, with its feet up, and drive nails thru the upper part of
the base into the feet. Then fasten the top to the lower part with escutcheon
pins. Space the pins accurately.
Fig. 5
FASTENINGS
OEVERAL methods are employed in fastening parts together in toy-
^ making. Where parts are joined together permanently, a thin coat of
liquid glue should be rubbed on the joining surfaces with a small paddle, and
then fastened with several brads. Where possible, these brads should reach
thru the parts just enough to be clenched on the other side (A, Fig. 5).
A movable joint is secured by one flat-headed nail which acts as a pivot,
on which one or more of the parts turn. The nail must reach thru the wood
far enough to allow the end to be bent back like a staple and be driven into
the wood.
12 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
A loose joint is required in some toys so that the parts may swing without
friction. A flat -headed nail is used as a pivot, and holes, a little bigger than
the nail, are bored thru all but one of the parts to be joined together. The
part that will be nearest to the point of the nail has no hole bored in it, for it
should fit tight. The nail must reach thru the joint far enough so that it
may be bent back, staple-like, and when the point is driven back into the
wood, the joint should swing freely. The nail may be bent with round-nose
pliers (B, Fig. 5).
COLORING THE TOYS
r I "*HE possibilities that may be achieved in beautifying these wooden toys
•*• are almost limitless. They may be treated as design problems, thereby
serving as a means of training the taste and imagination as well as developing
an appreciation of space relations and color harmonies. The work is fas-
cinating to children and presents an excellent opportunity for acquiring
knowledge and skill in mixing and applying colors. Several methods are
given here. The choice of method should be guided by the child's ability
and experience in doing work of this kind. The employment of striking and
brilliant colors will enhance the charm and increase the artistic effect.
The methods of coloring are arranged in the order of their difficulty in
manipulation :
Method No. 1. Water colors may be used to color the wood, but only a
little water should be used so as to prevent the tendency to spread. When
the toy is dry, a coat of shellac may be applied over the water color. This
protects the wood and gives the toy a crisp and bright appearance.
Method No. 2. Of the calcimine paints, the one known as "Calcimo" may
be used successfully by children. It is procured in powder form and costs
from 15 to 50 cents a pound according to color. It is mixed with water that
contains a binder to prevent the colors from rubbing off in handling the toys.
The binder may be either glue or mucilage mixed with the water. The
proportion is about a tablespoonful of glue to a quart of water. In pre-
paring the colors, put a teaspoonful of powder in a water-color pan and add
water, while stirring and rubbing out the lumps, till the mixture comes to a
consistency of thick cream. It may then be applied with a No. 6 water-
color brush.
Method No. 3. When handled correctly, oil paint and enamel paint give
excellent results, producing a smooth, brilliant gloss. First, give the toy a
coat of white lead or flat white tone. Apply it with a flat sash brush about
an inch wide. Allow the toy to dry four or five days and then sand-paper it
smoothly with No. 1/2 sand-paper. Finally, give it a coat of enamel paint
of the colors desired.
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
13
If colored enamel is not at hand, use white enamel and add colors ground
in oil. The enamel paint is put on a surface with a large camel-hair brush.
Use No. 10 artist's flat brush for features. Natural details and life-like effects
should be avoided.
The features should be conventionalized. Eyes, ears, nose and mouth
may be dotted in with a tooth-pick.
Method No. 4- For a second coat, instead of using enamel for coloring,
white lead ground in oil may be used, mixed with colors ground in oil. This
produces a mat or dull finish that is quite pleasing. However, if a gloss
finish is desired, a coat of varnish may be applied over the dull color. Dry
colors may be mixed with shellac varnish until it is heavy enough to cover
the wood. If this mixture becomes too thick to spread smoothly, it may be
thinned with alcohol. The brush that has been used in varnish may be
cleaned by washing in borax water. When the joints are movable, it is ad-
visable to paint each part separately before putting them together. Where
glue has been used to form joints, it should be thoroly dry before the toy is
painted.
WORKING DRAWINGS AND DIRECTIONS
TN BEGINNING the construction of these toys, read the directions care-
•*• fully so as to understand the process of construction. Study how you
can best arrive at the desired results. By thinking ahead, as you proceed,
many mistakes may be prevented.
Be careful in making your drawings.
Keep your pencil sharp.
Be precise in making measurements.
Handle the tools with care.
Finish one job before starting another.
Have a place for your tools.
Keep your glue and wood-finishes well covered to prevent drying.
Keep your brushes in kerosene to prevent them from getting stiff.
Be clean in handling colors.
Let one color get dry before joining on another.
Let the colors join on sharp and definite lines.
Pick up only a small amount of color with the brush-.
Lay the color on in a thin coat.
Clean your brushes before putting them away.
Give your work that clean, crisp, snappy appearance which is the mark of
superior craftmanship.
16 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE BUZZER
This toy is made from 1/4" stock. Two 1/8" holes are located on a
straight line passing thru the center, one on each side of the center and 1/4"
from it. The circle is drawn with compass, and then sawed to the line.
The circumference is stepped off into lengths equal to the radius, and every
second point connected by line with the center. This divides the surface
into three equal spaces called sectors. Color each sector with one of the
primary colors — red, blue and yellow.
A strong cord is slipped thru the two holes, and the ends tied together in a
square knot, leaving a loop on each side of the wheel.
To operate the buzzer, insert a finger of each hand in the loops and swing
the disk around in a circular motion till the strands of the cord are twisted
together. Then pull hard on the cord so that the disk will be set into a
spinning motion as the cord is being unwound. At this instant slacken the
cord so that the disk may continue turning, and rewind the string. Then
pull on the cord again, and the disk will spin in the opposite direction. By
whirling the disks rapidly in this way, the colors will blend and show a new
color produced by the three primary colors. The other side of the wheel
may have half of it colored yellow and half colored blue. This will blend
into green when spun. By pasting paper sectors of different colors on the
wheel, an infinite number of tests in color-blending may be made.
THE SHARK PUZZLE
The shark is sawed out as shown in the drawing and three holes bored.
To make one of the rings, draw two concentric circles — one 1/2" radius
and the other 3/4" radius. First, saw out the inner circle and then the
outer.
Take a piece of cord a foot long, double it and slip the loop thru the
middle hole in the shark. Next, put the two ends of the cord thru the loop.
Slip a ring on each end of the cord, and tie with a slip knot into the end hole
in the shark.
Puzzle: Transfer a ring from one end to the other.
<SHARK
PUZZLE
18
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
DUCK
The parts for this fowl are sawed out of 1/4" stock. The edges should be
sawed square and to line, and may be made smooth and slightly rounded by
filing and sand-papering.
The two feet should be made alike and held together when the hole for the
nail is drilled thru them. The bottom of the feet will then be on the same
level, and the duck will stand upright. Put a fine 1" nail thru one foot,
drive it thru the body, at the proper place, and press it thru the other foot.
With round -nose pliers, bend the end of the nail around so the end will
point toward the wood (Fig. 5). Place the head of the nail against a block
of iron, and with the hammer drive the point of the nail into the foot. The
joint should be firm and movable so the duck will stand at different postures.
Color the body brown, with black outlines and streaks on the wings, the
bill yellow, the head green, and the feet red.
Fig. 6. Platform Bases.
GOOSE
This project may be made of 3/8" stock and fastened to a platform base
(Fig. 6).
The platform is made of two rectangular pieces one on top of the other.
The upper is 1-1/2" by 2-1/4"; the lower, 2-1/4" by 3". The grain in the
two pieces should cross to prevent warping.
To fasten the goose to the platform, outline on the upper piece of the plat-
form the position for the foot. Hold the goose with foot up. Drive 1-1 /2"
brads thru the upper piece of the platform into the foot.
On the upper side of this upper piece of the platform, locate points at each
corner, 1/4" from the outer edges, and drive 5/8" escutcheon pins thru it
into the lower piece of the platform.
Smooth all parts, and color the body white with black trimmings. Make
the bill yellow, the feet red and the platform green.
DUCK
20 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
WILD DUCK
The body may be cut from 3/8" stock, or from heavier material if so de-
sired. It may be whittled to natural shape with a pocket knife before fasten-
ing it onto the platform.
The bill, eye and feet are colored yellow, throat, breast and tail red, head
and wings dark green, and platform blue.
HEN
The construction of this problem is similar to that of the goose. Her feet
and comb are colored red, body white with black trimming, beak and plat-
form yellow.
WILD DUCK
HEN
22
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
DEER
The stock is 3/8" thick, the grain running vertical. It should be mounted
on a wheel base 3/8" by 2" by 5-1/2" (Fig. 7). The deer is colored reddish
brown, but nearly white under the body and on the lower parts of the legs.
Color the base black and the wheels red.
Fig. 7. Wheel Base.
COW
The stock is 3/8" thick. The grain of the wood should run vertical. The
cow should be mounted on a wheel base 3/8" by 2" by 5-1/2". Wheels are
3/8" thick, 1-1/2" diameter. This is a Jersey cow, and should be colored
accordingly. The base may be colored green, and the wheels red.
o
O
26 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
WEASEL
This little creature is wary and swift as lightning in its movements.
The stock should be 1/4" thick, the grain running lengthwise of the body.
It may be mounted on rocker base 1/4" by 1-1/2" by 5" (Fig. 8. See text on
''Minstrels," page 30). It is reddish brown with under part of body light.
Fig. 8. Rocker Bases.
TIGER
This may be treated in the same way as the weasel except the coloring.
Examine a tiger in the zoo, or look up some colored pictures of tigers so you
will know just how to draw his stripes and just what color to make them.
28
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
ROCKING RHINO
The rhinoceros should be cut out and colored and mounted on a platform
which has rockers fastened to its edges (Fig. 8).
Hold the animal in the vise, head down, and nail thru the platform into
the feet.
30
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
MINSTRELS
The stock for the two minstrels, the platform and the rockers is 1/4"
thick, with the grain of the wood running lengthwise in each object.
The bottom of the feet of the figures should fit squarely onto the platform.
The rockers are laid off with the compass. The center of the arc is on a
separate piece of wood of the same thickness as the rocker.
When the rockers are accurately finished and nailed to the platform, a
center line is drawn along the under side of the platform, and points located
to match the position of the feet of the figures. Use 3/4" brads and drive
them thru the platform. Hold the figures, heads down, in the vise, or in
clamps, and, in turn, drive the brads thru the feet and into the legs so that
the figures will stand in an upright position. They are then colored in such
brilliant attire as is becoming two gay minstrels.
.Eaui-^-^-4
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
SQUIRREL
The squirrel is generally regarded as being wary and wild. Still, by wise
and kind treatment, its timidity can be overcome, and it may become quite
tame. All parts of the squirrel may be made from 1/4" stock. Saw out the
body, two fore, two hind legs and a nut.
Hold each pair of legs together in boring holes thru them. Smooth the
parts and assemble them by firm movable joints.
Color throat and breast light gray, and the remainder brown.
PIG
This problem is worked out similar to the squirrel. It may be colored
red, black or white, with large spots.
KANGAROO
This animal has its home in Australia, where the birds are songless and the
trees give no shade.
It has a very powerful tail which serves with the two long hind legs as its
support and for making enormous bounds. The fore legs, much like arms,
are used with surprising dexterity by this strange animal. The nose, throat
and breast are very light, the rest of the body is reddish brown.
SQUIRREL
PIG
KAHGAROO
36
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
CAMEL
It is with significance that this beast is called the ship of the desert. Like
a ship crossing a wide ocean of water, the camel travels across a great ex-
panse of sand carrying heavy loads of freight.
It has a wonderful endurance and can go for a week without drinking,
subsisting on the coarse grass of that waste region, and the water stored up
in its humps. Its dreamy eyes, sullen nature, angular figure and neutral
grey-brown color — all seem to resemble the rocky desert itself.
CAMEL
38
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
GIRAFFE
This creature (Fig. 9) is, unquestionably, the tallest of all the beasts of the
forests of Africa. It does not stoop to obtain its living from the ground,
but browses on the tops of trees.
It is also called the camelopard, suggesting a resemblance in shape to the
camel and in color to the leopard.
It is cream-colored with a shower of dark-brown spots on its back and
sides.
Fig. 9.
GIRAFFE
40
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
SWAN ROCKER
All the parts may be made from 1/4" stock. The two sides are made like
the pattern. The seat is 2-1/4" wide, the back 2-1/2". Both are 3" long,
and serve to unite the two sides.
When the parts are finished and ready for assembling, mark on the sides
the exact location of seat and back ; also the position of each nail on all parts.
Hold the two sides together and make small holes thru them where the nails
are to be driven. Nail, in turn, the seat and back to the first side, and then
to the second side.
Color white and decorate appropriately.
42
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
BALANCING PEACOCK
Saw out the shape of the fowl as outlined in the drawing.
There is good chance for display of fine color in dark-green and blue. The
breast should be colored brown.
Make a small stick about 2" long for a perch. Drive a small nail into
each end of the stick, and tie the ends of a fine cord to each nail. Press a
brad thru the middle of the stick up into the foot of the peacock. It may
then be hung up by the long loop of the string and swung freely.
PEACOCK
44
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
TOY DOG
This dog may be made of 3/16" or 1/4" stock. When put together, the
two pieces for the body are separated by the head, tail and two circular
pieces. The legs are fastened to the outside of the body by two long nails
that reach thru the five thicknesses. The ends of the nails are bent back.
Smooth the parts and color white, with large black spots on head, back,
tail and legs.
TOY DOG
46 EDUCATIONALTOYS
TEDDY BEAR
This animal has two pieces for the body. The head and two circular
pieces hold these two pieces apart. The head and legs move on tight joints
so that the bear will stay in the desired position.
48
EDUCATIO'NAL TOYS
PARROT
This may be made of 1/4" stock. The base has two holes bored thru it
for the uprights which fit tight into the holes (Fig. 10). The perch is 1" long
and has a brad in each end to swing on. These brads fit loose thru the up-
rights near the top ends.
The parrot is sawed out, and a 3/4" brad driven up thru the foot which
also fits into a hole in the middle of the perch.
The parrot may be colored white with black trimmings, yellow beak and
eyes, red crest, tail and foot. The wings are green.
The stand should have a green base, red uprights and yellow perch. The
bird should balance well and swing freely.
PARROT
50 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
DOLL'S HOBBY HORSE
The two body pieces of the horse with rocker are sawed from 1/4" wood.
The seat and back are made alike, as are also the shelf and foot-rest. The
ends of these four pieces should be at right angles to the sides, and the edges
should be slightly rounded.
Mark carefully on both side pieces where the cross-pieces are to be fast-
ened. Hold the two together and make fine holes thru the two thicknesses
where the nails are to go thru. By driving the brads thru these holes, fasten
all the cross pieces to one side, and watch that the brads go straight. Then
fasten the other side in a similar way.
Color the horses white, rockers red, and seat blue.
STERN WHEELER
This boat is sawed out according to the drawing, and notches cut on the
arms at the stern as a place for the rubber band which serves both as axle
and motive power. The paddles are sawed out to fit together to form a
stern wheel with four paddles.
The elastic is made in a double loop of four thicknesses, one of which is
placed in each of the four angles of the paddle. By twisting the elastic band,
power is stored up sufficient for the boat to attain a fair rate of speed. A
spool serves as smoke-stack.
Paint the boat white and smoke-stack red.
THE WEATHER-COCK
This fowl may be made of 3/8" stock ; a shingle will do. Let the grain run
vertically. The perch may be made of similar stock, triple thickness, with
the middle piece short to allow room for the foot of the rooster. The pieces
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54 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
are securely fastened together with nails, and a hole bored in the other end of
the perch for a metal pivot, on which it should swing to tell the way the wind
blows. Give it two coats of paint, using brilliant colors.
ARM-CHAIR AND ROCKING-CHAIR
These two doll's chairs are similar in construction. Make them from
1/4 " wood. Saw out two sides, a back and a seat for each chair. Have
edges finished accurately. The seats are alike for the two chairs. The
backs, also, are alike, except that the one for the rocker is 1/4" longer than
the other. Assemble as shown in dotted lines, and fasten with 1" brads.
The chairs may be colored white or mahogany. With due care and skill,
this furniture may be made very attractive and valuable.
DOLL'S CRADLE
Every little girl loves to own a cradle for her doll. Here is one that is
strong and pretty, and can easily be made from thin wood about 1/4" thick.
Saw out the two ends after tracing the outline from the full-sized drawing.
The two sides and bottom have their dimensions given. When properly
shaped and smooth, the bottom is fastened with 1" brads between the ends.
One-inch brads are driven thru the sides into the edges of the ends. Be
careful when driving the brads that the sides do not split and that the brads
go straight.
Paint the cradle white on the outside and violet or pink inside.
DOLLVS CRADLE,
BOTTOM 3*6
56 EDUCATIONALTOYS
DOLL'S BED
This is a problem that will appeal to the little girl. It is also needed to
complete the set of doll's house furniture. It is made of 1/4" wood and
fastened with I" brads. The grain should be run from top to bottom in the
ends of the bed and lengthwise in sides and bottom.
The parts should be cut out of paper full size and placed on the wood as
patterns. In cutting out the ends, fold the paper on the vertical center line
so as to cut the two halves at the same time. When all parts are sawed out,
fasten the bottom to the two ends, and then put the sides in place. The
bed is colored like the rest of the furniture.
DOLL'S TABLE
This table, being part of the furniture set, may be made from 1/4" stock.
The four pieces comprising the legs are made from two paper patterns that
are laid out to measure, folded on the vertical center line, cut out sym-
metrically, then traced on the wood, sawed out, smoothed and fastened to-
gether with 3/4" brads. The top is drawn directly on the wood with com-
pass and fastened with 3/4" brads, centrally on the legs.
It is colored white, brown, mahogany or some other shade to harmonize
with the general color scheme of the Doll's House and its furnishings.
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58 EDUCATIONALTOYS
KITES
Kite-flying is known the world over. Every boy wants to make and fly a
kite. It is a sport that is almost limitless in its possibilities.
Kites may be made any size, of almost any shape and with all sorts of deco-
rations. The two models here presented are types of practical fliers and are
easily made.
One needs a tail to steady it in its flight, the other is tailless, but has the
cross rod sprung by means of a string into the shape of a bow. The wind is
caught against the convex surface and renders it steady. In the making of
kites, it is essential that a few things be observed:
If the size be changed, the same proportions should be maintained. Make
the wooden stays as light as possible consistent with strength.
Be sure to preserve balance both in distance and weight of the various
parts. Make the cross-lap joint secure by driving a light nail thru the sev-
eral thicknesses and bending down the end; then tie them together with
strong twine. Cut a notch in the outer ends of the stays and in stringing the
twine taut prevent it from slipping by tying a knot around the stick and thru
the notch. The paper should be very light and strong. It is doubled over
the string and pasted together.
The guy-strings are fastened to the ends of the wooden stays and the an-
chor line securely tied to them with several knots directly opposite where the
stays cross. A few adjustments in point of balance and of the weight of the
tail may be necessary in starting to fly the kite, but after they are made, it
should rise to a great height and maintain a steady flight.
KlT£<3
60 EDUCATIONALTOYS
WOOD CHOPPERS
The stock required is 1/4" thick. Two bodies, two arms with axes, and two
bars are needed for this toy. The upper bar has a place 5/8" from its center
which is widened to resemble a tree stump an inch high. The pairs of parts
are held together while holes are being bored thru them. The shoulders of
the men and arms should have small holes to make a fixed joint while the
men's legs and the bars should have holes closely fitting I" nails.
Both bars are located on the side of the men on which the arms are
fastened.
Color the coats, hats and sleeves blue, boots and axes black, arms, fingers,
faces pink, and trousers red, bars green, and stump brown.
THE BUCKING GOATS
From 1/4" stock, saw out two bodies, as shown in the full-size drawing,
and two bars shown in the dimensioned drawing. Place the two bodies to-
gether and bore holes in the hind legs, as shown, for 1" nails. Do likewise
with the two bars. Color the goats white, with large brown spots on their
backs, necks and legs. Color the horns and hoofs black, and the bars gray
or brown. Fasten with movable joints, one bar on each side of the goats,
having them cross as indicated in the assembled drawing.
PECKING HENS
Saw out two bodies and four legs for the two hens. Hold two legs to-
gether and bore five fine holes thru them as shown in the drawing. Then
place one of these with each of the unbored legs and bore these, using the
first pair as template for boring the second. Also bore holes in the two bodies
together, saw out the two bars and bore the holes thru the two together.
Saw out the upright and the tilting pans; bore holes, and fasten together
with a loose joint. Enlarge the two lower holes in legs of the hens to the
64
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
size of a I" nail. Fasten two legs to each hen with three 3/4" brads, and
clench. Finish the parts in appropriate contrasting colors. Place the two
bars between the legs of the hens and insert thru the holes 1" nails, bending
their ends back to form a loose joint. Take the upright and the pans, and
fasten the lower end of the upright to the middle of the upper bar so that
each pan will tilt when the hens peck.
ACROBAT
The body, arms and legs are made of 3/16" wood. After the acrobat is
sawed out and holes are bored, paint the parts in gay colors. Assemble with
loose joints. The two upright sticks are fastened to the cross piece by two
1" brads at each end, after the two holes are bored in the upper ends for the
cord. It is colored green or black. Insert a strong double cord thru the
frame and the hands of the acrobat. There is a twist in the cord when the
legs are down, but it is straight when the arms point down.
CLIMBING SAILOR
This nimble tar climbs a rope according to a style that is all his own.
Pull on the string, and the friction on the two nails between his legs being
greater than that between his hands, his hands glide upward. Let go, and
the elastic band between his legs and arms pulls his legs up, and he thus gets
a fresh grip.
Saw out of 3/16" stock one body, two arms and two legs. The arms are
fastened to the body with three 3/4" brads and clenched. The legs have a
loose hip joint on a 1" nail with the end bent back. The rubber band is held
between arms and legs by two nails. The string is held between two thick-
nesses of felt or cardboard that are fastened between the hands with two
brads to produce the required friction. Bore holes to avoid splitting. The
string passes down between the two legs around two nails that pass thru both
legs but do not pull them together. Color the cap white and suit blue.
ACROBAT
BAILOR
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68
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE JUMPING JACK
The wood should be 3/1 6" thick. Two of each pattern is required, except
the head, which may be made of slightly thicker stock.
Bore the holes as shown to form loose joints.
Color the cap and body blue, thighs and upper arms yellow, calves and
fore arms pink, and shoes brown.
Insert small nails into edge of arms and thighs at the points where the
strings are to be attached. Take two pieces of string, two feet long; tie the
ends of one to nails in the arms, the ends of the other to the nails in the thighs.
Insert 1" nails thru one of the body pieces; drive 3/4" brads thru it and the
neck; place arms and legs in position; adjust the strings to proper lengths,
and tie a knot on them. Place the other body piece in position. Bend back
the ends of the nails, making loose joints, and drive the brads thru the neck
into the second body piece, and clench. Fasten the legs together with loose
joints, and all should work freely.
12-
Fig. 11.
BALANCING BARRISTER
The body may be sawed from 3/8" stock as outlined in the drawing.
Find its center of gravity by balancing it on a knife edge, crosswise, and then
lengthwise. Draw lines along the knife edge where it balances. Where
these intersect is the center of gravity. Bore a hole at this point of inter-
section perpendicular to the body, and so as to fit tight on a 1/4" dowel rod.
Make two discs 1" diameter, 1/4" thick, with a hole to fit tight on the dowel
on each side of the man.
Color his shirt red, hat and trousers blue, arms and stockings white, and
dowel, shoes and parallel bars black.
The frame on which the man should balance (Fig. 11), with his head just a
little the lighter, is made of seven pieces. The base, 1/2" x 2" x 1 2" ; the four
BARRISTER
70
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
uprights, I/A" x 1" x 5-3, 4", and the two bars, 3/8" x 3/4" x IS", are firmly
fastened together so that the two bars will be parallel and horizontal.
When the man is properly balanced, which may be accomplished by whit-
tling off a little stock where needed, he should roll from end to end of the bars
by giving the dowel a twist between two fingers.
THE DANCING RASTUS
All parts of the body are of 3/16" stock. When sawed out, the parts are
colored separately and assembled. All joints should swing without friction.
Therefore, bore all holes larger than the nail,
thru all thicknesses, except the one nearest
to the point of the nail. At elbows and
knees have the heads of the nails on the in-
side. At the shoulders place a small wheel
between the arms and body, and use a 1-
1 2" nail for pivot, with plenty of play.
The platform (Fig. 12) is of thin, springy
wood, 1-1/2" wide and 9" long. The up-
right post is of 1/2" stock about 6" long
and securely nailed to the platform and
braced with a small block. Holes are bored
into Rastus' back and the post so as to fit
tight on No. 16 spring brass wire, 5" long.
Put a weight on the rear end of the platform,
let the front end project out over the edge of a table and set it vibrating.
This should cause Rastus to swing legs and arms in a merry fashion.
DANCIWG
72
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE SPANKING ESQUIMAUX
The stock for all parts is 1/4" thick except for the oar and broom which
should be 1/8" thick. Saw out the two figures, wheels and bars. Hold the
two wheels together and bore two holes for the pivot nails. Do similarly to
the bars. Assemble wheels and bars temporarily to mark places on the
wheels where the feet of the figures will be fastened. Saw out the oar and
broom. Color all the parts separately in bright contrasting values to bring
out the outlines of the arms and other parts of the figures. Fasten the
wheels to the feet, the bars to the wheels in loose joint, and the oar and
broom to the man and woman in positions indicated by the dotted lines.
When properly put together, the figures should swing when the bars are
moved back and forth, and the oar and broom go flying and strike with a
rattling bang.
<5PAMKI7IG ESQUIMAUX
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74
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
WABBLER
This toy is made so that the wabbler can go or glide down the ladder on his
elbows. The ladder is made from soft wood 3/8" to 1/2" thick, 2-1/2" wide,
and 20" long. The openings are cut as shown, and nails located and driven
in exactly as indicated in the drawing. The ladder is then securely fastened
to the base which is made of 3/4" wood, 3-1/2" square. The wabbler is
sawed out of 1/4" wood. A full-sized drawing is shown. This is all one
piece without openings. Features and parts of the body are to be worked
out by using paints of different colors.
76
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
FALLING TEETER-TOTTER
The stock for the upright piece and end supports is 3/8" thick ; that for the
two boys and teeter-totter is 1/4" thick. The upright is made 1" wide and
28" long. On the center line lay off points 1-3/8" apart. With these as
centers, draw semi-circles of 1" radius alternately on both sides of center line.
From each center draw lines tangent to the circles, as shown in the drawing.
Saw to these lines and curves, and finish the edges so that they are smooth.
Saw out two boys and the teeter-totter board (B, Fig. 13), cutting out the cen-
ter opening accurately. Slip this board onto the upright, and watch it fall
from top to bottom in a see-saw motion. If it fails to travel smoothly, see
where the rub is and remove the obstacle. Fasten the two pairs of cross pieces
to each end of the upright so that it will stand vertically on either end.
Give it a thin coat of paint. Color the boys and fasten them with a nail
thru the body of each boy, fitting loosely, and driven into the ends of the
board. When the see-saw is turned up-end down, the boys will swing on
the nails and keep heads up.
Fig. 13.
PALLIHG TEETEK, TOTTER
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78
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
TUMBLING TOMMIE
This problem is rather unique in its principle of operation and offers at
once material for study and investigation. Like that of a circus performer,
the combinations must be exactly right or the little fellow may fall on his
head. In making the man, first bore the holes thru the block and take care
to make them parallel. The openings into the holes from the ends must be
in the same plane and made to slide over the rounds of the ladder without
friction. The tumbler may be shaped and colored to look like a man. A
base may be attached to each end, but on opposite sides of the ladder, so that
Tommie may tumble in both directions.
Towmt
80
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE BUSY PUP
All parts of this article are made of 1/4" wood except the ears which should
be 1/8" thick. Saw out one body, a pair each of fore legs, hind legs, ears and
tail, and the push-rod and guide. The guide is made of four pieces and fast-
ened together with glue and brads, as shown in the drawing. The two pairs
of legs are fastened to the body by loose joints. Holes are bored thru one
end of the push-rod and the forefeet; also thru the projecting end of the
guide and hind feet. Fasten that end of the guide between the hind feet
with loose joint (Fig. 14). Insert the push-rod thru the hole in the guide,
which should slide easily, and fasten between the fore feet. By holding the
guide in the left hand and working the push-rod back and forth, the dog
should work freely and without a hitch in all the varied positions that it is
possible for it to assume. With fine brad fasten the tail. Bore holes thru
head and ears, and pivot them on a loose joint so that they will swing when
the pup is busy scratching.
The pup may be colored white with black spots on neck, body and legs.
The push-rod and guide may be finished in a dark color or black.
The stunts that this pup can perform are greater in number than one
would suspect. Furthermore, they increase also in variety as the child ac-
quires skill in manipulation.
Fig. 14.
82
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE DINKEY BIRD
When properly made up, this bird can bob its head and tail up and down.
A swinging pendulum supplies the motive power. The parts are shown in the
drawing full size, except the clamp that holds the Dinkey in upright position
(Fig. 15).
The head, tail and body pieces, one with and one without the leg, are
sawed from 1/4", the back (E) from 5/16", the wedge from 3/8", and the
clamp from 1/2" stock. Finish all edges. Drill 1/16" holes at A and B. Put
the two body pieces together so they coincide, and drive fine 1" nails thru both
of them at C and D. Then separate them enough to let the back (E) into
place between them. Fasten the three pieces together with five 1" brads,
and clench. Fasten clamp (F) securely to the foot at H.
Color the different parts in gay tints, and let dry.
Take 4 ft. of strong twine and with small nails fasten one end to the head
and the other to the tail. Pull out the nails at C and D enough to let the
head and the tail slip into their places between the body pieces. Then re-
insert the nails. The head and tail should swing freely, and the back (E) act
as a stop in their up-and-down motion.
Put the clamp onto the edge of a table top and fix with the wedge. Pull
down on the loop of the string, grasp it about 6" from the top, and there tie a
simple knot. Fasten a stone or a piece of metal to the loop. Set it swinging
and watch the bobbing performance according to Dinkey fashion.
Fig. 15.
DINKEY BIRD
84
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
PELICAN SEWING STAND
Whether or not this article may be within the toy class, one thing is cer-
tain: It is useful as well as ornamental. The pelican is made of three thick-
nesses. The middle piece is 3/8" and the two outside ones 1/4" thick. The
middle piece has parts cut away to give room for the pin-cushion, and in the
head, an opening is left to give place for scissors, which, in turn, serve as the
bird's beak. The cushion is stuffed with cotton or some other suitable mate-
rial, and covered with a double thickness of thin cloth, and fastened in place
securely by nails piercing from one side to the other.
The platform is six-sided in shape (Fig. 16), of double 3/8" thickness, with
grain at right angles in the two pieces, and has four pins extending 1-1/4"
above the surface for holding spools. The pelican is fastened to the platform
by placing the upper thickness against the foot, and driving 1-1/2" brads
thru and up into the foot. Bore holes and drive the pins for the spools thru
the upper thickness. Lastly, the bottom board of the platform, which ex-
tends 3/8" beyond the upper, is fastened by driving 3/4" brads thru the bot-
tom piece into the upper. The pelican may be colored with white enamel
and black trimmings, while the platform may be light green or blue.
Besides the places for scissors and spools, other attachments may be ar-
ranged to suit the convenience of the happy possessor.
Fig. 16.
PELICAN <5E,WING <5TAND
86 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
WHIRLIGIG
This little device might also be called a child's aeroplane, for it soars up
into the air over houses and trees, and makes everybody around crane his
neck in wonder. The parts consist of the flyer, a spool and the handle.
First, get an ordinary thread spool, bore two holes in one end and drive in two
six-penny nails. Cut off the heads 3/8" from the end of the spool and file
the ends round and smooth. Take a piece of strong wood (yellow pine will
do) about 1" long and 3/4" square. Whittle down one end for a distance
3/8" longer than the length of the spool and so it will make a running fit.
For a flyer, get a piece of soft wood 3/8" x 1-1/4" x 8". Bore three holes
at the center to fit onto the two pins on the spool and the top end of the
handle. Whittle both faces down to a slant like a windmill so the blades
will be less than 1/8" thick. Put the parts together. Wind about a yard of
string around the spool in the proper direction, and then set the flyer spin-
ning by pulling the string quickly off the spool. If all parts are properly
balanced and adjusted, the flyer should go "way up high."
THE CART
This practical project is of heavier stock than most toys. However,
dimensions and sizes of stock may be modified to suit the convenience and
wishes of the maker. The box may be of 3/8" stock, the axle and tongue of
3/4", and the wheels of 1/2" or 3/4".
Heavy round-headed screws with washers under the heads, fitting thru
holes bored in the wheels and screwed securely into the ends of the axle, form
the bearings.
Take care to bore the holes thru the wheels and into the ends of the axle
the proper size, and central and true.
The box is fastened by driving 1-1/4" nails thru the bottom into the axle.
The tongue is shaped to fit on the axle, and is securely fastened by nails to
the axle and wagon bottom.
WHIRLIGIG
88 EDUCATIONALTOYS
A handle of a loop of brass wire may be inserted thru the tongue near the
small end, and the ends bent.
The box is painted green and wheels and tongue red.
THE WAGON
The stock required for the box of the wagon is 1/4" thick, for the wheels
3/8", for the tongue 1/2", and for the axles 3/4". The axles are 5-1/2" long;
the rear one is 1" wide; the front one is 7/8" wide, as shown in the drawing.
The holes for the screws in the ends of the axles are bored 3/8" from the lower
side. The screws are heavy, 1-1/2" round-headed, with metal washers
under the heads. The holes in the wheels are bored true, and so that they
will just slip over the screws.
The tongue is connected with the front axle by a piece of tin, cut from a tin
can after the pattern shown on the drawing.
The cross piece between the wagon box and the front axle, called the
bolster, is 1-1/8" wide, 5" long and 3/4" thick. It tapers from 5" in length
at the top to 2-1/2" at the bottom, where it rests on and turns on the tin that
is nailed to the top side of the axle.
Always bore holes of the proper sizes before inserting screws.
The front axle is connected to the bolster by a 2" round-headed screw on
which it turns. In making the wagon box, the sides are nailed to the bot-
tom, the ends fastened in position, and the back nailed onto the edge of the
seat.
The box is painted green outside and red inside. The two wings of the tin
plate are bent down to fit tight onto the sides of the tongue, and nails are
driven thru the tin into the tongue. The whole running gear is painted red.
The box is nailed to the bolster and to the rear axle. The seat is nailed into
position, the wheels fitted on, and the front axle screwed onto the bolster.
This wagon is strong and should last a long time and afford much wholesome
pleasure.
g
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90
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
FLYING GOOSE
The body, platform and wheels (Fig. 17) are of 1/4" stock. The wings are
a little thinner. Saw out one body and two wings and bore holes for cords,
as shown in the drawing. Saw out the platform and four wheels, and finish
them carefully. The front wheels turn on 1" flat-headed nails that are
driven into the edge of the platform 3/4" from the end. The rear wheels are
driven onto a wire axle which turns in two wire staples that are driven into
the bottom of the platform, 3/4" from the end and 1/4" from each edge. In
driving these staples, take thought to avoid splitting the platform. Also,
when boring holes thru the center of the four wheels, take care to secure
proper direction and sizes of holes for a running fit in the front wheels and a
Fig. 17.
press fit onto the axle in the rear wheels. Hold the body with foot up, and
nail the platform onto it. With round-nose pliers make the connecting rods
from No. 12 wire with the eyes neatly shaped and at right angles to each
other. Attach the rods to the wings by staples so the joints will work freely
without too much play. Attach the other ends of the rods to the outer faces
of the rear wheels by means of short flat-headed nails. The nails pass thru
the eyes of the rods and are driven into the wheels 1/4" from the outer rims.
The nails in the two wheels must be in line with each other, as they act as
cranks to actuate the wings. After the rear axle is assembled and fastened
in place, the wings are fastened to the body.
92 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
The parts of the wings that touch the body must have been rounded off, as
shown in section on the drawing. The edges are removed from the holes so
as not to wear the cord.
A heavy strong twine may be used for hinging the wings to the body.
Each of the two hinges is formed by slipping the end of the cord up thru the
wing, then thru the body, then down thru the second wing, and back thru
the body; then tie the ends in a square knot under the first wing. Adjust all
parts accurately so they are not too loose and yet work without friction.
This goose may be painted white with gray stripes on the wings, red beak,
foot and wheels, and green platform.
Attach a string or slender stick to the end of the platform to roll it on the
floor.
Watch the flying goose and see if she can rise by flapping her wings.
THE DODO BIRD
Until recently this bird has been considered extinct, but is here revived to
show what it may have appeared like. In this case it has chosen to peram-
bulate on four wheels and maintain a bobbing motion of the head and body by
means of a connecting rod between the breast and a crank on the front axle.
The body swings on a pivot between two uprights which we will call the
wings. These wings are held apart by a piece between the feet, which is
slightly thicker than the body to give the body freedom of motion.
The two base pieces are fastened onto the outside of the feet by three
1-1/2" brads driven in from each side. The front end of the base is held
together by a piece 3/4" square and 3/8" thick, which is also the thickness of
the base pieces and wheels. The body and wings are of 1/4" stock.
Make saw cuts 1/8" deep across the bottom of the base pieces to form
bearings for the two wire axles, one 1/2" from the rear, and the other 1-1/4"
from the front end of the base. The axles should turn freely in these cuts,
94 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
and nails bent over them will secure them in their places. The parts are
colored in gay contrasting colors before assembling. The body is pivoted
between the wings and the piece between the feet is fastened. Then the
base is assembled and fastened to the outside of the feet of the dodo.
Before inserting the axles into the wheels, the ends should be hammered a
little flat to prevent them from turning in the wheels. It should be a tight
fit. Next, put the axles into the cuts, and fasten. Slip a fine nail thru the
hole in the upper end of the connecting rod, and drive it thru the breast of
the bird , and bend the end. Then put the lower, or forked, end of the connect-
ing rod over the crank on the front axle and secure it by a brad.
When rolling along on the floor, the dodo should bob its head in a most
polite manner in recognition of being well put together.
ROCKING-HORSE AND RIDER
The body of the horse is shown full size and may be sawed from 3/8" wood.
All the other parts should be made of 1/4" wood and have the grain run
lengthwise.
Two fore and two hind legs are required. The upper end of each leg is
tapered off on the side that fits against the body so that the feet will be far
enough apart to be fastened on the inside of the rockers (see end view B).
Each pair of legs should be fastened to the body with a nail thru the three
thicknesses at the place marked. Saw out two rockers and finish to true and
smooth curves. With fine brad fasten the feet on the inside of the rocker at
the places marked, but take care that the wood does not split. Saw out
three rails 1" long and 3/8" wide to be fastened onto the top of the rockers
with two fine brads, one at each end of the rocker and one in the middle, as
indicated on the drawing by the letter R. The upper ends of the legs may
now be secured to the body by two or three brads.
Give the whole a general touching up to assure strength and smoothness.
Give it a priming coat of paint. Let dry four days. Paint saddle, bridle,
cross rails and rocker red, and the body and legs white. Outline eyes, nose,
hoofs and other features in black, and the rocking horse is complete.
The body of the rider is 3/8", arms and legs 3/16" stock.
Hi PER
FOR
ROCKITTG
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
97
ANIMATED ELEPHANT
The body is composed of three thicknesses. The two on the outside are
1/4" thick, the one in between is 3/8" thick, and reaches only to the dotted
line (Fig. 18), to allow room for the head which is 3/8" thick and moves be-
tween the two outside pieces with 1-1/4" nail as pivot. This is a loose joint.
Saw out the platform and wheels to dimensions. The connecting rod
should be of wood 1/8" thick and 1/4" wide. A hole is bored near the end
Fig. 18.
that is pivoted to the throat of the elephant ; in the other end is a fork to fit
over the axle crank with a fine hole bored at right angle thru the connecting
rod for a brad to prevent the crank from slipping out. The two axles are
made from No. 12 steel wire. One is straight, the other has a crank in the
middle. Flat places are hammered near each end of the axles so that they
may be pressed into holes in the wheels and not turn. Each axle is held to
the platform by two staples which may be made from long brads by cutting
off the heads.
Color the elephant gray, the blanket red and yellow, the platform and
connecting rod red, and the wheels yellow. Fasten the platform to the
98
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
elephant by driving nails thru it into the feet. Press the wheels onto the
axles and fasten the axles under the platform so they move freely. Fit head
and rod in places so all connections are strong and move without friction.
Attach a string to the front end of the platform, and when pulled on the floor,
the elephant will swing his trunk up and down in a vicious manner.
ANIMATED
ELEPHANT
100
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
THE BUCKING MULE
Saw out of 3/8" stock the bodies of the mule and rider (Fig. 19). All legs
and arms are of 3/1 6" stock. Two circles to be placed between the man's
arms and shoulders are of 1/4" wood. The connecting rod, marked Z, Z
(Fig. 20), shown full size and of 3/8" stock, is to connect the fore legs of the
mule and the crank on the axle. Fasten the legs to the mule and arms and
Fig. 19.
legs to the rider with loose joints. Then take rod Z, Z, and make the fork-
like cut in the wide end and drill a small hole thru it at right angles to that
cut. This is for the nail that holds the crank in place. Fasten the rod se-
curely between the fore legs of the mule at the position indicated. The tail is
then fastened with two 1/2" brads. Paint the mule and rider in contrasting
colors.
102
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
Next, make the frame and wheels as follows: Saw out two 5" wheels and
bore the center holes to fit tight on the wire axle and to run true. The frame ,
the handle, the sides and end are shaped from 1/2" stock. The two up-
right pieces are made of 3/8" stock and securely fastened on the inner faces
of the sides. Then the sides are nailed to the end piece and the handle.
Cuts are sawed into the lower edge of the sides, 2" from the end to form a
CftfOJ
Fig. 20.
bearing for the axle. Paint wheels red and frame green. The axle is best
made by holding the wire in a vise. First, make bends 3/8" on each side of
the middle point. Then make the second pair of bends 1-1/4" from the
middle. Near each end of the axle, flattened places are hammered so that,
when driven into the wheels, they will not turn. Drive the wheels onto the
axle. Put the axle in place, drive nails into the sides, and bend them over
the axle to hold it in place. Take the mule, put the projection from the
body between the two uprights on the frame, insert a 1-1/2" nail thru the
three holes, and bend the end back. Join the connecting rod to the crank.
Stride the rider on the mule and insert a nail thru his thighs and the back of
the mule. With a neat cord connect the hands to the mouth of the mule, for
a bridle. Take hold of the handle and watch the mule gallop when you
push him along.
FOR
0UCKI7IG MULE
104 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
FOX-AND-GOOSE GAME
This game is played by two people on a board with 33 holes, as shown in the
drawing. The board may be made either square or octagonal. The octagon
is made from a square by placing one point of the compass at a corner and
the other point at the center of the board. With each corner in turn as a
center, draw arcs intersecting the edges of the board. Connect these points
of intersection across the corners of the board; saw off the four triangles.
Smooth the edges and chamfer. Lay out and bore the holes. Make 26
pegs to fit loose. Leave 24 white for the geese and color 2 red for the foxes.
In playing the game, all the pegs are put in their places. The foxes at
Nos. 9 and 11; the geese at 7, 8, 12, 13, and consecutively up to 33. The
foxes and geese can move on the lines only, in any direction from one hole to
the next. A fox can also jump over a goose and take it, provided the hole
just beyond it is vacant. In fact, the fox can jump and take several geese in
various directions if conditions permit. The geese can not jump, but they
can move so as to hem in the foxes and make it impossible for them to move.
This means that the foxes have lost the game. In starting the game, the
player having the foxes gets the first move. His aim is to jump and capture
all the geese and win the game. Each player takes turn in moving. When
crowding a goose in on a fox, the player always has another goose behind it so
that the fox can not jump it. This game is one of the kind that requires
foresight and study. It is highly interesting and entertaining, and by expe-
rience, players may become quite expert at the game.
Solitaire — This same board may also be used for the solitaire game. How-
ever, that requires 32 pegs. They are put in all the holes except No. 17.
The object is to jump and take all the pegs but one, and it must land in hole
17. Unaided, this is difficult to do, and it would take a long time for a per-
son to discover a solution. For this reason, the reader is presented with the
following "Key": 5 jumps to 17 and takes 10, 12 to 10 and takes 11, etc.;
3 to 11, 1-3, 18-6, 3-11, 30-18, 27-25, 13-27, 24-26, 27-25, 22-24, 31-23,
33-31, 16-28, 31-23, 4-16, 7-9, 21-7, 10-8, 7-9, 24-22, 22-8, 8-10, 10-12,
12-26, 26-24, 17-15, 29-17, 18-16, 15-17.
FOX-AHD-GEE3E GAME
106 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
NINE MEN'S MILL
This is a game that is played by two persons and is as fascinating as it is
old. The upper part of the board is 3/8" thick and has 24 holes bored thru
it, as shown in the drawing. The lower board is 7-1/2" square and 1/4"
thick, and extends 1/4" beyond the top board on all sides. The grain in the
two boards should run at right angles when fastened together. The 18 pegs
are 3/8" in diameter and 1" long. Each player has a set of 9 pegs, the sets
being differently colored. In starting a game, each player takes his turn in
putting a peg into a hole till all the pegs are put down. Then they take turns
in moving the pegs. A peg may be moved from one hole to the next and
only along rows parallel with the edges of the board, not along the rows that
run from corners of the board to its center. That is, along rows 1, 2, 3 or 2,
5, 8, but not along rows 1 , 4, 7. The object of a player in putting down pegs
and in moving is to get a Mill ; that is, get 3 pegs in a row parallel with the
edges of the board. For example: Pegs in holes 4, 5, 6 or 2, 5, 8 makes a
Mill, but not 3, 6, 9. When a player gets a Mill, he can take one of his oppo-
nent's pegs that is not in a Mill. Another aim of a player is to place his pegs
so that he prevents his opponent from getting a Mill. When the pegs of one
of the players have all been taken except 3, then he is allowed to jump any-
where on the board. When the pegs are all gone but two, then the game is
lost. When a player can get 5 pegs into holes situated as 7, 8, 9 and 4, 6,
then he has a double Mill by moving from 8 to 5 and from 5 to 8, etc., and
pick one of his opponent's pegs for each move.
Mfirr<5 MILL
108
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
DISK PUZZLE
This problem consists of a base, three spindles and seven disks of different
diameters. The spindles are fitted tight into holes in the base and rounded
at the top so the disks will slide over freely. The seven disks are laid out on
the wood with compass, and to prevent splitting the holes are all bored be-
fore the sawing is done.
The parts may receive a finish of stain and two or three coats of shellac.
Polish with No. 1/2 sand-paper between each coat.
Puzzle — Place all disks on one spindle, decreasing in sizes upward. The
object is to transfer the disks to one of the other spindles and to be in the
same order. In doing this, never have more than one disk at a time removed
from the spindles, and never place a larger disk on top of a smaller one.
Fig. 21.
BALL PUZZLE
At first it is not evident why this is called a ball puzzle, but, when let into
the secret, most people see at once a good reason for naming it so. The
wooden ball or marble is hidden from sight inside of the wood and may be
shifted in position from the middle to the upper piece of the puzzle and vice
versa (Fig. 21).
The problem is to slide the middle piece off of the pin that projects up from
the lower piece and swing it around its pivot. This pivot is a 1-1/2" round-
headed screw, fitting loosely in the upper two and fixed in the lower piece.
A 1/2" hole is bored thru the middle and 1/2" deep in the upper piece to hold
the 7/16" ball. This hole is bored so it touches the hole for the screw. In
the middle piece, the screw can slide into it. In order to make the ball leave
DISK PUZZLE
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110
EDUCATIONAL TOYS
its position in the middle piece, the puzzle must be held upside down. The
drawings show the puzzle both closed and open, and supply directions for
constructing this interesting problem.
Finish with stain and two coats of shellac. This puzzle may be a source
of much genuine amusement when a circle of friends come together and all
want a hand at opening it, each having his advice to give how to solve this
mysterious problem.
EDUCATIONAL TOYS 111
APPENDIX
KNOTS AND BRAIDS
TV/TOST of us are called upon, in the course of our daily duties, whether
*•"• afloat or ashore, in camp or at home, to hitch up pack animals, do up
packages, equipments and outfits, and make fastenings on sails, tents, scaf-
folding and play apparatus. This involves the tying of a great number of
knots and in many cases life, and limb depend upon the correct tying of those
knots. The seamen, textile workers and civil engineers are pastmasters of
the art. Our scouts, sailors and soldiers are taught knot-tying as an essen-
tial factor in their training. Would it not seem a part of wisdom, for the
sake of safety and economy in time and good nature, for everybody to master
these knot problems? It would, at least, be a very practical part of the train-
ing for children in the schools.
They should be taught knot-tying and its application in an intelligent and
thoro manner, and have frequent practice-drill therein, till it becomes second
nature to them.
When a knot is tied, it must be pulled together tight, so as to stay. Other-
wise, especially if the cord is stiff, the loops will slide apart or flop out of po-
sition, and the knot will come loose. A knot derives its strength and reli-
ability from the friction between its different parts. When tension is ap-
plied on a knot, the two parts which lie alongside of each other should move
in the reverse directions and produce a maximum amount of friction, as the
ropes tend to slip.
One may readily learn to tie the different knots by carefully following the
accompanying drawings. Procure a slender, flexible rope, bend it into the
shape shown in the drawing, and go over and under, as indicated, so that the
parts will be in the correct relative positions. Begin by making the simple
knots, and, later, tackle the more complex ones. Also learn their names.
NAMES OF KNOTS AND BRAIDS
1 . Overhand knot — to prevent unraveling of rope, starting of a square knot ; also a stop knot.
2. Figure-eight knot — used for a stop knot.
3. Boat knot — used on sails and rigging.
4. Slip knot — used to fasten rope end to a post.
5. Flemish loop — stays tight, will jam.
6. Stevedore knot — will not jam.
7. Sheet bend or weaver's knot — for joining two ends.
8. Square or reef knot — for joining two cords — very useful, is non-slipping.
9. Granny knot — most people confuse it with the square knot. It will slip.
10. Thief knot— will slip.
11. Carrick bend — used on top of gin pole or mast to hold it erect; the four ends are fastened to the
ground.
12. Carrick bend — used to join two ropes.
13. Bowline — a very useful non-slipping loop.
112 EDUCATIONAL TOYS
14. Clove hitch — an effective means for fastening rope to a post or ring.
15. Timber hitch — used for pulling logs.
16. Handcuff hitch — used to convey prisoners.
17. Sheepshank — to decrease the length of a rope.
18. Bowknot — is tied like the square knot, but with ends doubled back in tying the latter half —
used on neckties and ribbons.
19. Spanish bowline — used as boatswain's chair.
20. Wall knot — used by electricians as a stop on drop-cord.
21. Wall knot crowned — a neat rope-end finish, to prevent unraveling.
22. Three-strand flat braid.
23. Four-strand flat braid, begun.
24. Four-strand flat braid, continued — the right strand goes^over, the left one goes under, and then
is passed to the right, in front of the middle strand.
25. Six-strand flat braid, begun.
26. Six-strand flat braid, continued — note that each strand goes from one side clear to the other,
before turning around and goes over and under, alternately, in crossing the other strands.
27. Chain knot — is begun like a slip knot.
28. Chain knotting, continued — each loop is pulled taut.
29. Double chain knotting— is started like the single chain knot, but the second loop is formed from
the free end, and slipped thru from the same side as the first. Both ends are used, alternately, and the
loops are pulled taut. It makes a beautiful cord, triangular in shape.
30. Genoese braid, begun — two cords are used, one end of each is used as a core, tho a thicker core
may be used, and with the other two ends, in turn, loops are drawn around the core.
31. Genoese braid, continued — makes a handsome flat braid.
32. Watch fob — may be made of three or more strings or ribbons. Four strings are used in this
case. Take two shoe strings and double them. Tie thread around them, about two inches from the
loops. Hold the loops in the left hand, with the ends up. Name them A, B, C, D, as is shown in the
drawing. First, bend A to the right; bend D over A, and away from you; bend C over D, and to the
left; bend B over C, and toward you, and slip the end under the loop of A. Second, take string A and
double it back to the left; bend B over A, and away from you; bend C over B, and to the right; bend
D over C, and toward you, and slip the end under loop at A. The third step is like the first, and the
fourth like the second. When finished, slip the loops thru your watch-ring, open the two loops and
slip the watch fob thru them. The charm is neatly fastened to the finishing ends.
33. Banister bar — is made by tying the overhand knot over a core of any desired thickness.
34. Banister bar, continued — the process of tying this knot is as follows: Hold the left strand
horizontally behind the core; reach under it at the right of the core and take the right strand, bring it
forward and to the left across the front of the core, and then back at the left of the core, thru the Idop
formed by the left strand. Continue by repeating this process.
35. Solomon's knot — this is started like the banister bar, but, instead of tying all the knots alike,
the tying is done, in turn, first with the right-hand strand, then with the left. Each strand will thus
remain on the same side of the core as at the start. The strand in front of the core is used continually
for tying the knot by the left and right hand, alternately, as the strand moves from side to side. It is a
series of left and right overhand knots over a core.
36. Four-strand round braid — is very pretty, and well repays any difficulty in mastering it. It is
not as easy to illustrate, by drawing, the process of making a round braid as a flat one; however, by
carefully following the movement of each strand in the illustration, while manipulating the four
strings, one will soon gain success and also much satisfaction.
First, hold the four strands in the left hand, as in the beginning of the flat braid, but, instead of
taking the right strand, reach in, just in the left of the right strand, and, from behind, take the left
strand, bring it forward and across in front from right to left. Second, exchange the places of the
words, right and left, and repeat the above-described process.
Referring to the drawing, reach in at B, and from behind at the right, below x4, take C; bring it for-
ward and across B, at x7. Next, hold the braid in the left hand and, with the right, reach in at D and
take A from behind, and bring it forward and across C, at E, as is shown by dotted lines.
Braiding with three strands, or as many more as desired, may be done with ropes, strings of beads,
rich-colored cords and ribbons, or basketry materials, for making many useful and beautiful articles,
such as chains, belts, hangings, bags, portieres and wicker work for baskets, lamp shades and chairs.
TOY PATTERNS
By MICHAEL C. DANK
4 COLLECTION of full-size toy patterns. Toys which make a strong appeal to the
J\_ child. Each pattern sheet presents a particular class of toys including Jointed
Animals, Animal Rocker Toys, Wheeled Platform Toys, Lever Toys, String Toys, Freak
Toys, Novelties, etc. While intended to be worked out in wood many are equally well
adapted for cardboard. Toy-making at home from these patterns is a fine hobby for
the boy from six to twelve years of age, and in the school is a fascinating manual train-
ing activity. These patterns are based upon the author's long experience in the teach-
ing of toy-making in public and private schools and summer camps. They are well pre-
sented on sheets size 10^x14 inches and are enclosed in a portfolio with an attractive
design in color. Price, 80 cents.
MANUAL TRAINING TOYS for the BOYS WORKSHOP
By HARRIS W. MOORE. — A popular boys' book illustrating 42 projects over-
flowing with "boy" interest. The drawings are full-page and show each project com-
plete and in detail. A descriptive text accompanies giving full information as to ma-
terials needed and how to proceed with the simple tools required. Price, $1.50.
COPING SAW WORK
By BEN W. JOHNSON. — Presents drawings and suggestions for a course of
work in thin wood that is full of fun for the children, and affording ample means for
training in form study, construction, invention and careful work. A helpful guide for
the teacher of the fourth grade. Price, 30 cents.
KITECRAFT and KITE TOURNAMENTS
By CHARLES M. MILLER. — An authoritative and comprehensive treatment
of kitecraft. The book deals with the construction and flying of all kinds of kites, and
the making and using of kite accessories. Also aeroplanes, gliders, propellers, motors,
etc. Four chapters are devoted to presenting a detailed description of kite flying
tournaments. Abundantly illustrated and attractively bound. Price, $1.75.
BIRD HOUSES BOYS CAN BUILD
By ALBERT F. SIEPERT.— A book of rare interest to boys. It is written in
the boy spirit and combines the charm of nature with the allurements of continuation
work in wood. It illustrates hundreds of bird houses and shows working drawings of
various designs, also feeders, shelters, sparrow traps, and other bird accessories. The
common house nesting birds are pictured and described with information regarding
houses, foods, etc., suitable for each. A pleasing and practical book for wide-awake
boys. Price, 65 cents.
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